The History of Bulilima-Mangwe

By Maitengwe Correspondent

Bulilima-Mangwe, also known as Bulilimamangwe, is a historic region in south-western Zimbabwe’s Matabeleland South Province, bordering Botswana. Its history stretches back centuries, with deep roots in the Kalanga people, their traditional leadership, cultural practices and ancient settlements.

Today, the former district is divided into Bulilima District, Mangwe District and Plumtree Town, but its shared history continues to connect the people of the region.

The Pre-Colonial Era

Long before colonial rule, the area was home to the BaKalanga, one of the oldest communities in south-western Zimbabwe and north-eastern Botswana.

Kalanga communities practised farming, kept cattle and traded in valuable resources such as gold and copper. They also maintained rich cultural and spiritual traditions, including the worship associated with Mwali, also known as Ngwali, which was closely linked to rainmaking and traditional shrines.

The region formed part of the wider historical landscape associated with ancient states such as Mapungubwe and Butua, whose people participated in farming, mining, trade and regional cultural exchanges.

Traditional leaders played an important role in governing communities and preserving their customs. Among the names associated with the region's history are Mzwazi, Menu and Mengwe, although accounts of their roles and the origins of the area's name vary.

During the 19th century, the Ndebele state under King Mzilikazi and later King Lobengula extended its influence over the region. Local Kalanga communities continued to maintain their language, traditions and identity despite the changing political landscape.

The Strategic Importance of Mangwe Pass

Mangwe Pass was an important route through the Matobo Hills, linking the interior of present-day Zimbabwe with the south and areas around Botswana. Hunters, traders and travellers used the route to move between communities.

In the 1860s, John Lee established a farm in the area after receiving land from Mzilikazi, according to historical accounts. His settlement became one of the points of contact between local communities and European travellers.

The location of Mangwe Pass later made the area strategically important during the colonial conquest of Matabeleland.

Mangwe During the Colonial Era

In 1893, British forces invaded Matabeleland during the First Matabele War, bringing the Ndebele kingdom under colonial control.

Mangwe became an important military and transport point because of its position along the route to Bulawayo. A stone fort was built in 1893 to help secure the route and protect colonial supply lines.

During the 1896 uprising against colonial rule, commonly associated with the First Chimurenga, settlers gathered at the fort for protection. Historical accounts indicate that the fort was not attacked, although the surrounding region experienced unrest.

The remains of Mangwe Fort and other historically significant sites serve as reminders of the conflicts and political changes that shaped the region.

Despite colonial rule and the establishment of European farms, many local communities continued practising their traditions and speaking tjiKalanga. Family, cultural and trading connections across the Botswana border also remained important.

From Bulilimamangwe District to Three Local Authorities

Following Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, Bulilimamangwe continued as a large administrative district, with Plumtree serving as its main commercial and administrative centre.

However, the district covered a vast area, making administration and service delivery challenging.

In 2002–2003, the former district was divided into three local administrative areas: Bulilima District, Mangwe District and Plumtree Town.

Bulilima and Mangwe Rural District Councils subsequently operated as separate local authorities, while Plumtree continued to serve as an important centre for trade, transport, education and public services.

Although the administrative boundaries changed, the communities retained many of their shared cultural and historical connections.

A Heritage That Lives On

Bulilima-Mangwe is more than an administrative name. It represents a region shaped by Kalanga history, traditional leadership, cross-border connections, colonial conflict and the resilience of local communities.

From ancient settlements and spiritual traditions to Mangwe Pass and the historic fort, the region holds an important place in the history of south-western Zimbabwe.

Its story is also a reminder of the importance of preserving local languages, oral histories, traditional leadership records and historical sites for future generations.

Bulilima-Mangwe's history belongs to its people — a heritage that continues to live on through their culture, identity and shared memories.**

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